Marine Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning

1. Properties of Refrigerants:

Direct & indirect system of refrigeration, primary & secondary refrigerants, desirable properties of primary refrigerants, standard conditions, refrigerants in marine use, comparison of properties & suitability for different applications, critical temperature & its effect on the performance of carbon-dioxide machines in tropics, properties of brine-density, specific heat, freezing temperatures, pH value.

2. Refrigeration Plant Equipment:

Characteristic & constructional details of reciprocating, rotary & centrifugal compressors, marine applications & comparative study, safety head & other safety devices on compressors, capacity control methods, forced lubrication, properties of lubrication oil, lube-oil tests, oil separators, crankshaft seal, condensers, design considerations, construction, materials, piping materials, receivers, refrigerant gauges, evaporators- dry & flooded type, design considerations, shell & tube type, extended surface tubes, pipe grids for dry direct expansion system, evaporators for battery of air cooling systems.

3. Plant Operation:

Complete refrigeration circuits with operating safety controls for direct expansion plant & brine cooling systems, plant operation-automatic starting & stopping, pump-down control systems, loss of pressures, temperatures, etc, charging system with refrigerant, low side & high side charging, pressure testing, pumping a vacuum, dehydration, purging air from system, drier & moisture removal, methods of testing for leaks, soap suds, halide torch, electronic leak detectors, precautions, methods of defrosting of air coolers/evaporator coils, hot gas method, warm brine lines, air refreshing for fruit or other cargoes, temperature required for different cargoes, schedule of routine preventive maintenance of plant, troubleshooting - compressor short cycles, system short of capacity, head pressure too low, head pressure too high, suction line frosts back to compressor.

4. Comfort Conditions:

Heat production & temperature regulation in Human Body, conditions affecting human comfort.

5. Special Features of Marine A.C. Plants:

Need for air conditioning on ships, special design features.

6. Accommodation Ventilation:

General, statutory rules for ventilation, exhaust air, return air, ventilation systems, duct system, air cleaning, sound attenuation, testing & balancing the system, operation & maintenance.