Marine Boilers

1. General considerations governing design of boilers, stresses in boilers, staying of flat surfaces, compensation, rating of boilers, efficiency, equivalent evaporation, regulations relating to material used, test on materials.

2. Tank type boilers - brief descriptions of Scotch type, Cochran, Clarkson Thimble, Spanner, Aalborg.

3. Water tube boilers - advantages over tank type boilers, components & functions of water tube boilers, headers, down comers, risers, water walls, screen tubes, superheaters, economizers, air economizers, brief description & operation of Babcock Wilcox, Yarrow, Foster Wheeler D type, Foster Wheeler ESD type, Aalborg water tube boilers.

4. Super heat control, attemperator, desuperheating, Babcock & Wilcox selectable super heat, Foster Wheeler Controlled superheat boiler, Package boilers, dual pressure boiler with steam to steam generator.

5. Composite boilers - brief description & operation of Scotch, Cochran & Spanner composite boiler.

6. Forced Circulation Boilers - advantages, forced water circulation, forced steam circulation & once through boilers, waste heat recovery calculations, waste heat boilers - Cochran, Spanner, Waste heat economizers - La Mount type.

7. Boiler Mountings - operation & maintenance, safety valves - ordinary, spring loaded, improved high lift type, full bore safety valve, Hopkinson Hylift safety valve, Consolidated safety valve, safety valve adjustments, main stop valves, feed check valves, feed water regulation, water level indicators - remote & direct types, water level indicators - direct & remote type, blow down valve, pressure gauge, internal fittings - baffles, directors, float, separators, soot blowers, alarms - low & high water level, low & high steam pressure & flame failure alarms.

8. Furnace & combustion - refractory materials, maintenance, air register, combustion in a boiler furnace, roof fired burners, types of burners - simple pressure jet atomizer, spill type, variable orifice type, steam assisted type, spinning cup & ultrasonic burners.

9. Auxiliaries for boilers - pumps, pipeline layouts, filters & heaters, automatic combustion control.

10. Construction & assembly of tank type boilers, water tube boilers, tests during combustion, hydraulic test, steam raising, operating procedures, opening up a boiler for inspection.

11. Common problems in boilers - corrosion, erosion, overheating, cracking, mechanical damage, soot fires & hydrogen fires.

12. Boiler water treatment & chemicals used in treatment.

13. Steam turbines - advantage, types of turbines - impulse, pressure compounded impulse, velocity compounded impulse, pressure velocity compounded impulse, Parson reaction turbines, Turbine bearing lubrication, safety equipments on turbines.

Marine Internal Combustion Engines

This subject is the most important subject, as it will always keep coming in future. This subject should be known just like your family history, as it is the backbone of Marine Engineering. Each & every single information in this subject is very very important. Following are the important topics in this subject:

1. 4-stroke & 2-stroke principles - constructional difference in them, suitability, advantages, disadvantages of both, scavenging systems & scavenge pumps, air movement inside cylinder, air turbulence, methods of producing air movements, types of combustion chambers, conditions for efficient combustion, fuel pumps & motoring devices, jerk & common rail fuel injection systems, fuel selection, fuel quality, ignition delay, after burning, atomization, penetration, system for burning heavy fuel oil in slow & medium speed marine engines, methods for improving combustion efficiency & plant efficiency, methods of supercharging, turbochargers, pulse & constant pressure type, their relative merits in highly rated marine propulsion engines, cooling media for piston & cylinder liner, relative merits, coolant conveying mechanism & systems.

2. Constructional details & design considerations for principal components - liner, cylinder head, piston, piston rod, cross head, connecting rod, crank shaft, camshaft, main bearing, A-frame, tie rod, bed-plate, gear drive, chain drive, lost motion coupling, etc., calculations for heat transfer, selection of materials welded construction for bed-plates, frames, etc., liner wear & lubrication, choice of lubricating oil, lubricating systems, crank shaft corrosion, contamination & purification of lubricating oil, starting & manoeuvring systems.

3. Taking of indicator & draw cards, fault detection, power balancing, methods to improve efficiency & fuel consumption.

4. Descriptions of different makes of diesel engines in marine use viz. MAN, Sulzer, Doxford, etc.

5. Care & maintenance of ignition systems, cooling systems, lubricating oil systems, piston ring & bearing, crank shaft deflection & alignment, causes & prevention of crankcase explosion, scavenge fires, starting air line explosion, safety fittings, fire fighting.

6. Automation in Diesel engine plant & safety devices, cooling control, bridge control, safety interlocks, wrong way alarm.

Marine Electrotechnology

1. Classification societies, statuary authorities, rules (M.M.D., I.R.S., Lloyds, det Norske Veritas  etc), IMO regulations, electrical power in  ships - old & new systems, advantages & disadvantages of both, ranges of voltages used, generation & distribution switchboard arrangement.

2. Types of electrical machines used on board the ships, constant speed pumps, variable speed pumps, winches, windlass, turning gear, types of starters, arrangement of speed control.

3. Various alarms systems & indicating devices.

4. Electrical steering machines - motors, starting arrangement, safety devices, type of pumps, etc.

5. Special codes for tankers & passenger ships, regarding electrical machines, power distribution, wiring, etc.

6. Maintenance schedule for electrical equipment, testing & periodic survey of equipment, electrical fires, causes, precautions & prevention.

7. Navigation lights, emergency switchboard, arrangement for shore supply, preferential tripping arrangement system, earthing - insulated earthing & resistance earth system.

8. Special requirements for fuses, types of fuses used in marine practice, insulation of wires.

9. Electric propulsion - types of systems, advantages & disadvantages, machine characteristic, protection & ventilation control arrangement, etc.

10. Impressed current system for anti-corrosion devices.

11. Semiconductor devices, D.C. amplifiers, magnetic amplifiers, rotating amplifiers, synchroscope, tacho-generators, transistorized logic control circuits.

12. Feedback for damping stability.

Marine Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning

1. Properties of Refrigerants:

Direct & indirect system of refrigeration, primary & secondary refrigerants, desirable properties of primary refrigerants, standard conditions, refrigerants in marine use, comparison of properties & suitability for different applications, critical temperature & its effect on the performance of carbon-dioxide machines in tropics, properties of brine-density, specific heat, freezing temperatures, pH value.

2. Refrigeration Plant Equipment:

Characteristic & constructional details of reciprocating, rotary & centrifugal compressors, marine applications & comparative study, safety head & other safety devices on compressors, capacity control methods, forced lubrication, properties of lubrication oil, lube-oil tests, oil separators, crankshaft seal, condensers, design considerations, construction, materials, piping materials, receivers, refrigerant gauges, evaporators- dry & flooded type, design considerations, shell & tube type, extended surface tubes, pipe grids for dry direct expansion system, evaporators for battery of air cooling systems.

3. Plant Operation:

Complete refrigeration circuits with operating safety controls for direct expansion plant & brine cooling systems, plant operation-automatic starting & stopping, pump-down control systems, loss of pressures, temperatures, etc, charging system with refrigerant, low side & high side charging, pressure testing, pumping a vacuum, dehydration, purging air from system, drier & moisture removal, methods of testing for leaks, soap suds, halide torch, electronic leak detectors, precautions, methods of defrosting of air coolers/evaporator coils, hot gas method, warm brine lines, air refreshing for fruit or other cargoes, temperature required for different cargoes, schedule of routine preventive maintenance of plant, troubleshooting - compressor short cycles, system short of capacity, head pressure too low, head pressure too high, suction line frosts back to compressor.

4. Comfort Conditions:

Heat production & temperature regulation in Human Body, conditions affecting human comfort.

5. Special Features of Marine A.C. Plants:

Need for air conditioning on ships, special design features.

6. Accommodation Ventilation:

General, statutory rules for ventilation, exhaust air, return air, ventilation systems, duct system, air cleaning, sound attenuation, testing & balancing the system, operation & maintenance.

Naval Architecture

1. Geometry of the Ship & Hydrostatic Calculations:

Ship lines, displacement calculation, tonnes per cm, immersion, coefficient of form, wetted surface area, similar figures.

2. Calculation of Area & Volume:

First & Second moment of areas, Simpson's rules, applications to the area & volume, Trapezoidal rule, mean & mid-ordinate rule, Tchebycheff's rule & their applications.

3. Stability of Ships:

Statical stability at small angles of heel, calculation of G.M., metacentric diagram, inclining experiment, free surface effect, stability at large angles of heel, curves of statical stability, dynamical stability, angle of roll, stability of a well sided ship.

4. Resistance & Powering:

Frictional, residuary & total resistance, Foude's law of comparison, effecive power calculations, ship's co-relation factor (SCF), admiralty co-efficient, fuel co-efficient & fuel consumption.

5. Longitudinal Stability & Trim:

Longitudinal bending moment, moment to change trim by one cm, change of trim, change of L.C.B. with change of trim, change of trim due to adding or deducting weights, alteration of draft due to change in density, flooding calculations, floodable length curves, method for determination of floodable lengths, factors of sub-division, loss of stability due to grounding, docking stability, pressure on chocks.

6. Strength on Ships:

Curves of buoyancy & weights, curves of load, shearing force & bending moments, alternate methods, standard conditions, balancing ship on wave, approximation of maximum shearing force & bending moment, method of estimating bending moment, longitudinal strength, moment of inertia of section, section modules.

7. Propulsion & Propellers:

Definitions, apparent & real ship, wake, thrust, relation between powers, relation between mean pressure & speed, measurement of pitch, cavitation, propeller types, fixed pitch, ring propeller, Kort nozzles, Voith Schemder propeller, general theory of propeller action, theory of screwed propeller, momentum theory, blade element theory, law of simulitude & model tests with propellers, propulsion tests geometry, geometrical properties of screwed propellers, ship model co-relating ship trials.

8. Rudder Theory:

Action of the rudder in turning ship, force on rudder, torque on stock, calculation of forces & torque on non-rectangular rudder, angle of heel due to force on rudder, angle of heel when turning, types of rudders, model experiments, turning trials, area & shape of rudder, position of rudder, stern rudders vs bow rudders.

9. Motion of Ship on Waves:

Theory of waves, trochoidal waves, relationship between line of orbit centers & the undisturbed surface, sinusoidal waves, irregular wave pattern, wave spectra, wave amplitudes, rolling in unresisting media, rolling in resisting media, practical aspects of rolling, anti rolling devices, forces caused by rolling & pitching, heaving & yawing.

Ship Construction

This subject covers:

1. Introduction:

Principal types of vessels, names of different parts of ship, special terminology.

2. Ships Strains:

Structural strains in ships, hogging & sagging in still water & waves, racking, direct effect of water pressure, indirect effect of longitudinal bending, panting, pounding, local loading, docking strains.

3. Materials:

Materials used in ship construction, standard sections used for riveted & welded constructions, types of welds used, welded constructional details, weld testing, review of available materials from considerations of mechanical, constructional & economic aspects.

4. Frames:

Frames & their functions, transverse & longitudinal systems of framing, dimensions & spacing of frames, position & method of attaching of ordinary frames, intermediate frames, web frames, deep frames, inter coastal frame, bevelling of frames, advantages, spacing & method of attachment of longitudinal framing, longitudinal framing method for construction of oil tankers & bulk carriers, combined framing systems.

5. Double Bottom:

Types of keel, construction of flat plate keel, bilge keel of single plate & double plate type, advantages, sizes & methods of double bottom construction, solid & open floors, longitudinal girders, inner bottom plating & margin plate, bilge bracket, preservation of surfaces inside the tank, testing of tanks, boiler, engine & thrust block seatings.

6. Shell Plating:

Function of deck beams, sections used for beam & factors governing beam sizes, beam brackets, attachment of beams to ship's side, hatch-end beams, camber of beams, function of shell plating, identification of plates, coffin plate, boss plate, sheer plate, stealer plate, bulwark, various methods of securing shell plating, disposition of butts, welded versus riveted shell seams, functions of deck plating, attachment of deck plating, openings in deck plate, method of compensation, cargo holds, hatch openings, methods of compensation, hatch corner constructions, securing devices, different types of hatch covers, refrigerated hold construction, insulation.

7. Bulkhead:

Functions of bulkheads, strength bulkhead, sub-division bulkhead & tank bulkhead, number of bulkhead in a ship, ''Margin of Safety'' line, construction of transverse & longitudinal water tight bulkheads & connections of bulkhead stiffeners, compensating liner & horizontal bracket, corrugated bulkhead, swash bulkhead, openings in bulkheads, testing of bulkheads, cofferdams, permeability, floodable length curves, factor of sub-division, SOLAS convention, water tight door construction & closing arrangements.

8. Pillars:

Functions of pillars, size, arrangement & super positions of pillars, types & methods of attachment for pillars subjected to compression or tension, functions of girders & their attachment.

9. Stern Frame & Rudder:

Function of stern frame, type of stern frames for single & multiple screw vessels, cast & fabricated frames, materials for construction & tests, method of attachment to the ship, types of rudders, advantages, area & shape of rudder, construction of single plate rudder, its support, construction of double plate rudder, balanced rudder, its support, rudder bearers, steering aids, center guide rudder principle, Pleuger active rudder, Voith Schneider propeller.

10. Stern & Bow:

Different types of sterns & their advantages, construction of counter & cruiser stern, attachment & construction of A-bracket, spectacle frames & framing in way of boss, new construction, plate stem, bulbous bow, advantages, construction, structural arrangements in fore part of the ship, panting & pounding arrangements, collision bulkhead, anchor & cable arrangement.

11. Shipyard Practice:

Mold loft, fabrication, assembly.

12. Free Board & Tonnage:

Principle dimensions, definitions of ship terms, international regulations, load line markings, conditions of assignment, classifications, general definition of tonnage, under-deck tonnage, gross tonnage, net tonnage, exemptions, deductions, dead weight tonnage, propelling power allowance, canal regulations, IMCO.

13. Special Ship Types:

Bulk carriers, ballast capacity & piping, grain carriers, OBO carriers, LNG & LPG carriers, methane gas carriers, tankers for carrying liquid sulphur, container ships, lash ships, passenger vessels, dredgers, tugs, special purpose vessels.

14. Ship Surveys:

An outline knowledge of ship survey rules, functions of ship classification societies, surveys during construction of the vessel, periodic surveys for retention of class, tonnage certificates & their purpose, load-line, period & conditions of validity of certificate, requirements of annual survey, surveys subsequent to re-floating a vessel after grounding.